Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

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4) [] 5) [] 6) [] 7) [] 8) [] 9) [] 10) [] 11) http://textbookofbacteriology.net/tuberculosis.html 12) http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/MTB/MTB.html 13) http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/tuberculosis/ 14) [] 15) [] 16)[|http://www.medicinenet.com/tuberculosis/page3.htm#toce] 17)[] 18) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/225633.php 19) [] 20) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tuberculosis/DS00372/DSECTION=prevention

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There are many different types of tuberculosis that you could have depending on the location and activity of the bacteria. To treat active TB, you will be given multiple antibiotics at the same time. The four most common antibiotics given are Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol. You must take these antibiotics for 6-9 months. The time length will depend on the location, your age, and overall health. Extrapulmonary TB is tuberculosis that occurs in the body other than the lungs. To treat this type of TB, you are usually given the same antibiotics as in active TB and also for the same length. The other type of TB is called latent TB. Latent TB only requires one antibiotic to fight this bacteria. You must take the antibiotic for 4-9 months. For Tuberculosis it is very important to take all the antibiotic for the exact time length. If you stop before the recommended time length you are increasing the chance of becoming antibiotic resistant, relapse of the disease, and are more likely to spread it to others.
 * __Medications currently used__**

from source 14( molly)

The symptoms of tuberculosis also depend on the type you may have. Active TB brings about many symptoms you may come across fatigue, night sweat, coughing green mucus, poor appetite, weight loss, shortness of breath, feeling under the weather. In Latent Tuberculosis you will probably not come across any symptoms at all. Symptoms of TB may come about after treatment. If this happens you should see your doctor to to tested to see if there is still TB bacteria.
 * __Symptoms of TB__**

from source 16 and 14(molly)

To diagnose Latent Tuberculosis, you may have a tuberculin skin test. This skin test will show if you have been infected by TB. A tuberculin skin test is a small shot of tuberculosis antigen underneath of the top layer of the skin. Two to three days after given you will go back to have it read. If there is a hard bump where you were given the shot, then you are positive for TB. If the area is smooth with no visible bump then you are negative for TB. . Another way to diagnose Latent TB is rapid blood tests. The blood tests are usually done if you had a skin test that was difficult to read. The blood test will give you a second opinion. To diagnose active TB in the lungs the doctor will give a physical examination and evaluate your symptoms. After evaluating they may take a sputum culture. This will test the sputum sample to see if the bacteria grew. If it did grow, another test is done called a sensitivity test. This tests the bacteria and will show which antibiotics will kill the bacteria. To diagnose extrapulmonary TB many different test will be given. This is due to the fact that it could be anywhere in the body, so you have to do different kinds of tests for each body part. A urine culture will test for TB in the kidneys. Cerebrospinal fluid sample will test for TB in the brain. A MRI will also determine if TB is in the spine or brain.
 * __Tests commonly used__**

from source 14(molly)


 * Medications being researched**

It has been fourty years since a new medicine has been discovered for TB. Rifampin was the last medicine that was discvored. Rifampin was discovered over 40 years ago. Before this drug a drug called Streptomycin in 1882 was discovered. It was discovered by Robert Koch. Both of these drugs are to be used for 6 months if you are sensitive for this disease.

Scientists are looking at several different things when researching different tuberculosis. they want the new test to be faster. Instead of being diagnosed for four weeks they want to speed it up to two days. They are testing for the difference between people who really have it and those who are just reacting to the previous vaccination. There are many antibiotics that can treat TB ; these antibiotics make therapy more potent and easier to tolerate.
 * Latest Research**
 * Health related articles**

TB is a common infectious disease, that can be fatal. found more in countries like Asia and Africa, it is caused by microscopic strands usually affecting the lungs. the infection can later become the disease. it most often caught in the lungs but can spread to other organs in the body. In the United States, there are approximately 10 cases of TB per 100,000 people. However, rates vary dramatically by area of residence and socioeconomic status. last year, 11,181 tuberculosis (TB) cases were reported in the United States. which is .3 less percent than last year. there were 113 cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) were reported in 2009. which are much more lethal. untreated TB kills more than half. in 2007 there were 1.8 million deaths out of 9.8 million new findings of Tb in developing countries. one third the world is thought to be infected with M. TB. the oldest TB found was in cattle, weather or not it it started in cattle and transferred to humans, or vise verse is not know. TB was know to be found in mummies from ancient Egypt dated at 4000 BC. Genetic studies suggest that TB was present in the Americas from about the year 100 CE //evan//
 * [|__http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/article_em.htm__]**
 * [|__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tuberculosis_cases__]**
 * [|__http://www.naturalnews.com/tuberculosis.html__]**
 * describing TB**
 * morbity**
 * origin**

__**ARTICLES**__

 * New test detects TB in 2 hours**

To detect Tuberculosis tests are done on a patient. The results for these tests take weeks up to months to get results. A new test has been detected and being studied which has results in 2 hours. Dr. David from the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey combined with Cepheid, which is a diagnostic company, to create a DNA-based test called Xpert MTB/RIF. This test will detect the TB causing bacteria and the resistance to rifampin, the most common antibiotic. This test is done by taking a small sample of sputum from a patient and put into a test tube then placed into a machine. The machine performs steps and then provides results. The results show the presence of TB bacteria in the sputum and if the bacteria are resistant to rifampin. A study was done against the other common tests. Turns out that the Xpert MTB/RIF had detected TB more accurately than the common tests. This test is still being studied and is not used today, yet.

(source 17 by molly)

Tuberculosis ( Breanne Hatfield) I work at Dekalb County Rehab and Nursing Center and since working their I have had three TB tests; known of the results were possitive. Tuberculosis is a infection that can be located in the lungs that is caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The easiest way to get this is from person to person by breathing the infected air during close contact. Most people aren't even aware they have this condition it may even take years to figure out. This conditon is more common then we may know. 8 million or more get diagnosed with TB worldwide. Most cases are more common but more new cases are being found on a normal basis. Most people can get TB if they live with someone with this condition or even homeless people. Alcoholics and drug users have a higher risk as well. The biggest majority of people with Tb are healthcare workers. This information scares me since I have worked in the healthcare field for many years.

new treatment for latent TB (Evan Rhule) (source 18) Latent Tb is the infection rather than the disease. Its important to identify, prevent spread, and treat latent Tb before it turns into the disease that is often deadly and multi drug resistant. Usually when one is being treated for latent TB the procedure is a long nine month process that includes 270 doses of a single drug. This therapy has brought up quite a bit of controversy weather it is a good treatment or not, but taken the urgency of treating latent TB before it becomes the disease, its used most often. On an easier note, about only ten percent of people who have latent Tb will develop the actual disease. So 270 doses of isoniazid regimen ( the drug given in traditional treatment) in a nine month period does not sound like you bag? There is a more recent treatment option that uses a combo drug therapy that only goes for three months. They use the drugs Rifapentine (Priftin) and Isoniazid (Nydrazid) and studies prove the combo to be as effective as the nine months on isoniazid. When testes who were at high risk for developing the disease agreed to the study, 69% completed A 33 month follow up from the traditional compared to the 82% who completed it on the combination treatment. Three months and twelve doses of two drugs does sound much more easy than 270 doses of any one drug. And the Options are being researched for effectiveness, safety and ease. This particular treatment is much quicker, much easier and is just as effective on the drug side of things as the traditional with much more ease. which in turns makes it easier fro the patient to do there job in fighting there infection and completing there therapy in time. which in all actuality could honestly lead to a higher success rate than the more common traditional therapies. The process of stopping and preventing TB is a large one, and an important one, and stopping it while it is latent as critical to prevent spread and death from TB and is now being done through this new latent TB combo treatment.

__**NEW TB DRUGS BEING TESTED**__ (molly meier new medication)
TB Alliance was first established in 2000. At this time there were no clinical-stage compounds in development to treat tuberculosis. Since TB Alliance has been established, they have developed the largest TB drug pipeline. TB alliance has three tuberculosis compounds in clinical development as we speak. The TB alliance organization is testing these three compounds and catalyzing the research landscape. One of the trials they are in is called a phase III trail. If they pass this trial, they may become the first new class of tuberculosis drugs in almost 50 years and the first clinical trial that evaluates a novel multi-drug regimen. These new compound drugs will be the building blocks of future novel regimens that could potentially lead to simpler and safer treatments that are also very affordable. They also will treat both multi-drug resistant and drug sensitive TB.

(source 19)

Tb prevention (Evan) source 20 A requirement for all things to increase it must be given out elsewhere, whether its knowledge or a disease it must be given to someone else to grow and be more obtained. So when in comes to Tb at least the third largest world medical problem, there obviously must be some mistakes being made to spread this disease, especially in TB prominent countries. (3rd world countries) In third world countries, often times TB is overlooked because of the lack of medical attention. Even if diagnosed they often time don not take the medications or cannot afford them all, along with taking the medication they go to work and around town and continue with there lives infecting people they come near and in contact with spreading TB even more. Doctors should be visited often to keep the body in check, and to identify any problem. If and when someone is diagnosed with TB, they should try to stay home and rest as much as possible. If the infected person is married or rooming with anyone, they should sleep alone. Sleeping with someone or just being around them for a time can cause you to breath in the Infection, as lungs are the hot spot for TB. When one has Tb they should also where a surgical like mask when they are going to be in cotact with another human. Other precautions for preventing spread in a room is ventilating it. TB can spread mighty fast when left in a small confined space. Opening a window and blowing a fan toward it will greatly decrease chances of having the TB infection lingering in the room for others to catch. Also always cover your mouth. It is so simple and yet so effective against the prevention of all germs and bacteria, especially TB. Finishing the medicine and therapy given by the doctor is very important to kill off all of the infection. Do not to stop medications early unless otherwise directed. There is also a BCG vaccine that is offered for babies in TB prominent countries. It can prevent severe tuberculosis in children, but generally does not work in adults and only makes for bad readings on TB skin tests. Therefore this drug is not recommended in the US. Researchers are working on developing a more effective TB vaccine.

TB tests ( breanne hatfield) A tuberculosis skin test can be used to determine if someone has TB. TB has developed into an immune response to the bacterium that may lead to tuberculosis. It is estimated that 2 billion people worldwide have Tb. I think the number would be smaller if people were more educated on Tb and actually tested. While recieving this test you get something called tuberculin PPD injected beneath the skin of your forearm. As it's being injected a bubble will form this is normal and it quickly goes away. Shortly after getting the injection thier is usually a little red dot. Make sure you don't cover it or itch it; you will just be better off leaving it alone or barely damping it with a washcloth. If you irritate it the results may be harder to notice. When reading a TB test you are checking to see if the area is raised, thickened. Skin tests should be read 48-72 hours after being injected.